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And with that, Canada’s relationship with its largest trading partner entered a new聽鈥� and decidedly uncertain聽鈥� chapter.聽

On Saturday afternoon, Trump formally signed an executive order imposing 25 per cent tariffs on almost all Canadian goods and a 10 per cent tariff on Canadian energy products as of Tuesday, firing the first official shots in a trade war that experts say could devastate economies on both sides of the border.

The order also warned that any retaliatory efforts planned by Canada against the U.S. “through import duties on United States exports to Canada or similar measures” could result in Trump punching back with a stronger response.

In introducing his retaliation road map, Trudeau first spoke directly to Canada’s southern neighbours.聽

“This is a choice that yes, will harm Canadians, but beyond that, it will have real consequences for you, the American people,” Trudeau said, pointing to the potential for lost jobs, the shuttering of U.S. manufacturing facilities, and rising food and gas prices.

“Tonight, I am announcing that Canada will be responding to the U.S. trade action with 25 per cent tariffs against $155 billion worth of American goods.”

Trudeau said that plan includes “immediate tariffs” on $30 billion worth of goods on Tuesday, followed by additional tariffs on $125 billion worth of American products, set to kick in in 21 days.

That time frame would “allow Canadian companies and supply chains to seek to find alternatives,” the prime minister said.

Trudeau said retaliatory tariffs would hit American beer, wine and bourbon, fruits and fruit juices (including orange juice), vegetables, perfume, clothing, shoes, household appliances, furniture, sports equipment, materials like lumber and plastics, and more.

He said Ottawa, along with Canada’s provinces and territories, will also move forward with other nontariff measures related to critical minerals and energy procurement.聽

鈥淎s I’ve said before, if President Trump wants to usher in a new golden age for the United States, the better path is to partner with Canada, not to punish us,” said Trudeau.

He admitted, on a day that saw Trump spend much of his morning at a Florida golf course, that his attempts to speak with the U.S. president since his inauguration have been unsuccessful.聽

Trump’s measures come after weeks of intense efforts by Canada to prevent his threats from being implemented.

The president framed the tariffs as a response to a “national emergency” that warranted the sanctions being imposed under the U.S. International Emergency Economic Powers Act.聽

“Gang members, smugglers, human traffickers, and illicit drugs of all kinds have poured across our borders and into our communities. Canada has played a central role in these challenges, including by failing to devote sufficient attention and resources or meaningfully co-ordinate with United States law enforcement partners to effectively stem the tide of illicit drugs,” the order read.

The Trump administration, which also imposed stiff tariffs on Mexico and China, noted that while “the challenges at our southern border are foremost in the public consciousness,” the “northern border is not exempt from these issues.”

The order cited 鈥渦nvetted illegal migration” across the Canadian border into the U.S., and “a growing presence of Mexican cartels operating fentanyl and nitazene synthesis labs in Canada.”聽

Trump said in the order that Canada’s failure to adequately address the issues of irregular migration activity and the flow of drugs like fentanyl across the border constituted “an unusual and extraordinary threat 鈥� to the national security and foreign policy of the United States.”聽

In a fact sheet also issued Saturday, the White House minimized the fallout of a trade dispute for the U.S. economy, saying that 鈥渨hile trade accounts for 67 per cent of Canada鈥檚 GDP, 73 per cent of Mexico鈥檚 GDP, and 37 per cent of China鈥檚 GDP, it accounts for only 24 per cent of U.S. GDP.鈥�

It also said that “in 2023 the U.S. trade deficit in goods was the world鈥檚 largest at over $1 trillion.鈥澛�

In a statement issued Saturday evening, Ontario Progressive Conservative Leader Doug Ford said he was 鈥渆xtremely disappointed鈥� by Trump鈥檚 decision to 鈥渨alk away from a trading relationship that, for decades, has made life better for millions,” and stressed that impacts would be felt on both sides of the border.

鈥淚 wish we weren鈥檛 here. I wish Ontario and Canada were working together with our American friends and allies to make our two countries the richest, most successful, safest, most secure on the planet,鈥� read Ford’s statement.

Ford said the coming weeks could be 鈥渋ncredibly difficult鈥� for Ontario, estimating the tariffs could put nearly 500,000 jobs across the province at risk and urging the federal government to come back with a 鈥渇orceful鈥� response that matches the U.S. tariffs 鈥渄ollar for dollar.鈥� Ford has drawn criticism for plunging the province into a snap election at a politically sensitive time.

Reacting to the news, Flavio Volpe, president of the Automotive Parts Manufacturing Association, said the only surprise is the timing, and said U.S. tariffs at this level “will simply shut down 鈥� within a week 鈥� automotive production across North America like the pandemic did.”

“It’s a simple principle. We’re in a just-in-time (delivery) business that carries no more than 24 hours inventory. And you can’t build a car or run a (production) line without all of the parts,” he said in an interview.

“And it is an immediate domino effect across North America.”

The head of the country鈥檚 biggest private sector union said the tariffs would plunge the Canadian economy into a recession.

鈥淐anadians need to understand that this has changed everything for us as a country,鈥� said Unifor national president Lana Payne, adding that Trump has declared economic war.

鈥淭his is an existential threat to our entire economy,鈥� said Payne.

Payne, whose union includes 40,000 autoworkers across the country, said Trump鈥檚 tariffs will hurt workers and consumers on both sides of the border, and could see the entire auto manufacturing industry shut down within a week.

It鈥檚 something, she said, that demands a firm response from Canada.

鈥淲e have to put everything else on the table for consideration,鈥� said Payne, adding that in addition to retaliatory tariffs, Canada should bar U.S. companies from bidding on government contracts.

The tariffs could shrink the size of the Canadian economy by tens of billions of dollars, cost “hundreds of thousands” of jobs, push into a recession and crush the loonie, said Pedro Antunes, chief economist at the Conference Board of Canada.

“It’s absolute madness,” said Antunes. “We could be looking at a 60-cent dollar within a week.”

The CEO of the Ontario Chamber of Commerce said the tariffs will hurt businesses and consumers on both sides of the border.

鈥淚t makes no economic sense,鈥� said Daniel Tisch. 鈥淭rump isn鈥檛 putting America first. He鈥檚 more likely to ensure all of North America finishes last.鈥�

Canada has been steeling itself against the prospect of American tariffs since Trump, looking toward a second term in office, threatened last year to impose a 25 per cent surcharge on imports from Canada and Mexico. Most trade experts and business groups had considered 25 per cent tariffs on all imports to be unlikely, and were instead expecting more targeted tariffs, at least initially. Trump had also signalled that he would hold off on slapping a 10 per cent tariff on oil and gas until Feb. 18, but walked away from that commitment on Saturday.聽

The U.S. president has framed the surcharges as a way to force a crackdown against people illegally crossing its borders, as well as to force stronger action to prevent the potent drug fentanyl from being smuggled between North American countries.聽

础听reality check聽from the Star has found that while fentanyl seizures in the U.S. northern border region increased over the past year, they only represent a fraction of the total that U.S. authorities have intercepted over the last two years. Additionally, while the number of people U.S. border agents apprehended in the northern border region under the 鈥淭itle 8鈥� authority 鈥� detaining someone not allowed in the U.S. 鈥� rose to 23,721 during the 2024 fiscal year, apprehensions at the southern border exceeded 1.5 million.

The Trudeau government nevertheless in December launched a $1.3-billion border security plan in response to Trump’s early threats, aimed at聽disrupting the fentanyl trade, implementing 24/7 surveillance at ports of entry, improving information sharing between Canadian and U.S. officials, and reducing 鈥渦nnecessary鈥� border crossings.

In 2023, the most recent year for which annual data is available, Canadian exports to the U.S. totalled $594.5 billion (Canadian), according to official statistics from the federal ministry for Innovation, Science and Economic Development. In the top聽spot at $130.3 billion was crude oil, with other petroleum products estimated at a value of $36.6 billion. The American government鈥檚 trade figures show the U.S. imports hundreds of billions of dollars of products from Canada. Through the first 11 months of 2024, the U.S. brought in $377.2 billion (U.S.) in Canadian imports, or $542.5 billion in Canadian dollars.

The second-biggest player in this trade relationship is the automotive industry. Canada exported roughly $75 billion in cars, trucks and automotive parts to the U.S. in 2023, with industry insiders noting that some materials will cross the Canada-U.S. border several times while they鈥檙e crafted from raw material into a finished vehicle product.

Before Trudeau’s announcement Saturday, Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre called on the government to recall Parliament, which has been prorogued until late March.

He issued six demands, including retaliating with 鈥渄ollar-for-dollar tariffs carefully aimed at maximizing impact on American companies while minimizing impact on Canadian consumers鈥� and sending all revenues generated by tariffs back to 鈥渁ffected workers and businesses.鈥�

NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh, meanwhile, said Trump had 鈥渦nleashed an unprecedented trade war鈥� against its northern neighbour and said Ottawa must offer relief to affected Canadians and put forward a 鈥渟trong commitment to buy Canadian.鈥�

Trudeau said Saturday this was a “moment for Canadians to work together, including Canadians of all different political parties,” but did not commit to recalling the House of Commons.

With files from Star staff, The Canadian Press and the Associated Press聽